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1.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 28(1): 59-67, Jan.-Mar. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-990816

ABSTRACT

Abstract The purpose of this work was to identify, critically assess, and summarize available data from primary research about the anthelmintic resistance of injectable macrocyclic lactones in cattle. Meta-analysis was performed to estimate the pooled Odds Ratio and 95% Confidence Intervals. Of the 1504 abstracts screened for eligibility, 80 were deemed relevant for full publication review. Thirteen publications were included in the qualitative synthesis and assessed for systematic bias. Only five studies were included in the quantitative analysis because they showed a low risk of producing biased results in all the parameters. The forest plot indicated four studies that discuss anthelmintic resistance (P<0.05), while only one study did not discuss anthelmintic resistance (P<0.05). The pooled estimate showed 0.59 (95% Confidence intervals: 0.08, 0.47) times higher odds for studies that report anthelmintic resistance than for studies reporting efficacious anthelmintic treatment, with significant and substantially low heterogeneity (I2=25%). Anthelmintic resistance to injectable macrocyclic lactones is a reality. There are need to improve methodological reporting in studies, which is a problem for investigations that involves systematic review and meta-analysis (SR-MA).


Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar, avaliar criticamente e resumir os dados disponíveis da literatura primária sobre resistência anti-helmíntica a lactonas macrocíclicas injetáveis em bovinos. Uma meta-análise foi realizada para estimar o "Odds Ratio" e Intervalos de Confiança (95%). Dos 1504 resumos selecionados para elegibilidade, 80 foram considerados relevantes para a revisão completa da publicação. Treze publicações foram incluídas na síntese qualitativa, as quais foram avaliadas quanto ao viés sistemático. Apenas cinco estudos foram incluídos na análise quantitativa porque apresentaram um baixo risco de produzir resultados tendenciosos em todos os parâmetros. O gráfico de floresta indicou quatro estudos que apresentaram resistência anti-helmíntica (P <0,05), enquanto um não apresentou (P <0,05). A estimativa combinada mostrou uma maior probabilidade de publicações de estudos que relatam resistência anti-helmíntica no valor de 0,59 (95%: 0,8, 0,47) do que estudos relatando tratamento anti-helmíntico eficaz. Os dados apresentaram baixa heterogeneidade (I2 = 25%). A resistência anti-helmíntica a lactonas macrocíclicas é uma realidade. Há a necessidade de melhorar a metodologia dos estudos, pois é um problema para os trabalhos que envolvem revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises (RS-MA).


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Drug Resistance , Lactams, Macrocyclic/administration & dosage , Gastrointestinal Diseases/veterinary , Anthelmintics/administration & dosage , Nematode Infections/veterinary , Cattle Diseases/parasitology , Gastrointestinal Diseases/parasitology , Gastrointestinal Diseases/drug therapy , Nematode Infections/parasitology , Nematode Infections/drug therapy
2.
FAVE, Secc. Cienc. vet. (En línea) ; 16(2): 83-87, jul.-dic. 2017. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1090353

ABSTRACT

El control de los pequeños estróngilos de los equinos (grupo Ciatostoma) se basa casi exclusivamente en la aplicación de antihelmínticos. En nuestro país, el desarrollo de resistencia generalizada a los bencimidazoles, está limitando las alternativas químicas disponibles a las lactonas macrocíclicas (ivermectina y moxidectina) y al pirantel, consideradas como drogas de larga y corta acción respectivamente. La información actualizada sobre la actividad de estas drogas en el campo es crítica para determinar su eficacia y detectar el desarrollo de fenómenos de resistencia a los antihelmínticos. En los equinos el período de reaparición de huevos (PRH) luego del tratamiento es considerado como un indicador temprano de la presencia de resistencia. En el presente trabajo se evaluó la eficacia clínica y el PRH luego de tratamientos con moxidectina y pirantel en equinos adultos de cinco establecimientos de las provincias de Santa Fe y Córdoba naturalmente parasitados por pequeños estróngilos. La eficacia clínica determinada al día 15 pos tratamiento utilizando un test de reducción en el conteo de huevos, osciló entre el 99,8 y el 100% para la moxidectina y entre el 98,9 y el 98,8% para el pirantel. Por su parte en el presente estudio el PRH fue de al menos 100 días para la moxidectina y de 35 días para el pirantel. Estos resultados indican que ambas drogas se muestran activas para el control de estos nematodes y que las poblaciones estudiadas (alguna de ellas resistentes a bencimidazoles) permanecen actualmente susceptibles a la moxidectina así como al pirantel. Esta última droga es de uso limitado en nuestro país, pero su inclusión en los programas de control contra los pequeños estróngilos podría reducir la dependencia y la presión de selección sobre las lactonas macrocíclicas y contribuir a mantener la vida útil de las mismas.


The control of the small strongyles (Ciathostoma group) in horses is based on the application of anthelmintics. In our country, the development of generalized resistance to benzimidazoles is limiting the chemical alternatives available to macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin and moxidectin) and to pyrantel, considered as long-acting and short-acting drugs respectively. Updated information on the activity of these drugs in the field, is critical for determining its efficacy and detecting the development of anthelmintic resistance. In these horse nematodes the period of egg reappearance (ERP) after treatment is considered as an early indicator of the presence of resistance. The present study evaluated the clinical efficacy and ERP after moxidectin and pirantel treatments in adult horses naturally parasitized by small strongyles from five farms from Santa Fe and Córdoba provinces. Clinical efficacy determined at day 14 or 15 post treatment using a test of reduction in the egg count ranged from 98.9 to 98.8% for the pirantel and 99.8 to 100% for moxidectin. The ERP was at least 100 days for moxidectin and 35 days for the pirantel. These results indicate that both drugs are active for the control of these nematodes and that the populations studied (some of them resistant to benzimidazoles) remain currently susceptible to moxidectin as well as to pyrantel. This last drug is of limited use in Argentina, but its inclusion in the control programs against the small strongyls could reduce the dependence and the selection pressure on the macrocyclic lactones and contribute to maintain the useful life of the same ones.

3.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 33(2): 183-187, fev. 2013. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-670952

ABSTRACT

Haemonchus contortus is one of the most common and economically significant causes of disease in small ruminants worldwide, and the control programs of parasitic nematodes - including H. contortus - rely mostly on the use of anthelmintic drugs. The consequence of the use of this, as the sole sanitary strategy to avoid parasite infections, was the reduction of the efficacy of all chemotherapeutic products with a heavy selection for resistance. The widespread of anthelmintic resistance and the difficulty of its early diagnosis has been a major concern for the sustainable parasite management on farms. The objective of this research was to determine and compare the ivermectin (IVM) and moxidectin (MOX) effect in a selected field strain of H. contortus with a known resistance status, using the in vitro larval migration on agar test (LMAT). Third stage larvae of the selected isolate were obtained from faecal cultures of experimentally infected sheep and incubated in eleven increasing diluted concentrations of IVM and MOX (6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192, 384, 768, 1536, 3072 and 6144µg/mL). The dose-response sigmoidal curves were obtained using the R² value of >0.90 and the lethal concentration (LC50) dose for the tested anthelmintic drugs using a four-parameter logistic model. The LC50 value for MOX was significantly lower than IVM (1.253µg/mL and 91.06µg/mL), identifying the H. contortus isolate as considerably less susceptible to IVM compared to MOX. Furthermore, the LMAT showed a high consistency (p<0.0001) and provided to be a useful diagnostic tool for monitoring the resistance status of IVM and MOX in H. contortus field isolate, as well as it may be used for official routine drug monitoring programs under the Ministry of Agriculture (MAPA) guidance.


Haemonchus contortus é uma das causas mais comuns e economicamente significativas de doença em produções de pequenos ruminantes em todo o mundo, e os programas de controle de parasitas nematoides - incluindo H. contortus - baseiam-se principalmente no uso de drogas anti-helmínticas. A consequência da utilização desses compostos, como sendo a única estratégia sanitária para evitar infecções por parasitas, tem sido a redução da eficácia de todos os produtos quimioterápicos, selecionando fortemente para resistência. O desenvolvimento generalizado da resistência anti-helmíntica e a dificuldade de seu diagnóstico precoce têm sido uma grande preocupação para o manejo sustentável de parasitas no campo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar e comparar o efeito da ivermectina (IVM) e da moxidectina (MOX) em um isolado de campo selecionado de H. contortus com um estado de resistência conhecido, utilizando o teste in vitro de migração de larvas em ágar (LMTA). Larvas de terceiro estágio de um isolado de H. contortus selecionado foram obtidas a partir de culturas de fezes de ovinos infectados experimentalmente e incubadas em onze concentrações diluídas crescentes de IVM e MOX (6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192, 384, 768, 1536, 3072 e 6144µg/mL). As curvas sigmoides de dose-resposta foram obtidas utilizando o valor de R² >0,90 e a dose de concentração letal (CL50) para as drogas anti-helmínticas testadas, utilizando um modelo logístico de quatro parâmetros. O valor de CL50 para MOX foi significativamente menor do que para IVM (1,253µg/mL e 91,06µg/mL), identificando o isolado de H. contortus como consideravelmente menos suscetível à IVM em comparação à MOX. Além disso, o LMTA mostrou uma alta consistência (p<0,0001) e pode ser uma ferramenta útil de diagnóstico para monitorar o status de resistência de IVM e MOX em isolado de campo de H. contortus, assim como ser utilizado de forma oficial e em rotina para programas de monitoramento das drogas sob a demanda do Ministério da Agricultura (MAPA).


Subject(s)
Animals , Culture Media , Feces/parasitology , Haemonchus , Sheep/parasitology , Anthelmintics , Lactones/administration & dosage , Macrolides/administration & dosage
4.
The Korean Journal of Parasitology ; : 125-128, 2013.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-216684

ABSTRACT

In April 2010, pruritic symptoms were recognized in 3 privately-owned Siamese cats raised in Gwangju, Korea. Examination of ear canals revealed dark brown, ceruminous otic exudates that contain numerous live mites at various developmental stages. Based on morphological characteristics of adult mites in which caruncles were present on legs 1 and 2 in adult females and on legs 1, 2, 3, and 4 in adult males while the tarsus of leg 3 in both sexes was equipped with 2 long setae, the mite was identified as Otodectes cynotis. Ten ear mite-free domestic shorthaired cats were experimentally infected with O. cynotis to evaluate the efficacy of 10% imidacloprid/1% moxidectin spot-on. Live mites were recovered from 1 of 10 treated cats on day 9 post-treatment (PT) while no live mites were observed from the ear canals of treated cats on days 16 and 30 PT. The efficacy of 10% imidacloprid/1% moxidectin spot-on on O. cynotis in cats was, therefore, 90% on day 9 and 100% on days 16 and 30 PT. This is the first report of otodectosis in 3 cats naturally infested with O. cynotis in Gwang-ju, Korea. Both natural and experimental infestations were successfully treated with 10% imidacloprid/1% moxidectin spot-on.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Female , Male , Acaricides/administration & dosage , Administration, Topical , Cat Diseases/diagnosis , Ear Diseases/diagnosis , Imidazoles/administration & dosage , Macrolides/administration & dosage , Mite Infestations/diagnosis , Nitro Compounds/administration & dosage , Psoroptidae/growth & development , Republic of Korea , Solutions/administration & dosage , Treatment Outcome
5.
Braz. arch. biol. technol ; 52(4): 883-891, July/Aug. 2009. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: lil-525609

ABSTRACT

The present study investigated the effects of t moxidectin (MXD) in some parameters of rat motor function and neurochemical. The general activity in the open field and the motor coordination in the wooden beam were employed to evaluate the MXD effects. The results showed that, in the open field, even at high doses (2.0 and 20.0 mg/kg), the MXD did not alter the locomotion and the rearing frequencies. However, MXD was able to impair the motor coordination of the animals at wooden beam. Neurochemical studies of striatal GABA and dopamine neurotransmitters showed a reduced levels of dopamine and its metabolite, homovanillic acid, without interference on striatal GABA levels. Since GABAergic receptor stimulation had an inhibitory effect on dopaminergic striatal system, the decreased motor coordination could be attributed to an action of MXD on dopamine system via GABA activation.


A moxidectina (MXD) é uma droga antiparasitária amplamente empregada em animais domésticos; seu mecanismo de ação, em mamíferos, envolve o neurotransmissor ácido gama-aminobutírico (GABA). Esse neurotransmissor tem papel importante na função motora. Assim, no presente trabalho estudaram-se os efeitos da MXD em alguns parâmetros comportamentais ligados a função motora de ratos e também em sistemas de neurotransmissão central. A atividade geral no campo aberto e a coordenação motora na trave elevada foram empregadas para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses de MXD. Os resultados mostraram que: no campo aberto, mesmo as doses maiores (2.0 e 20.0 mg/kg) de MXD não alteraram as freqüências de locomoção e levantar. Por outro lado, a MXD foi capaz de prejudicar a coordenação motora dos animais avaliada na trave elevada. Estudos neuroquímicos dos níveis estriatais de GABA e dopamina mostraram redução dos níveis de dopamina e seu metabólito, ácido homavanílico, sem interferência nos níveis de GABA estriatal. Considerando que a estimulação de receptores GABAérgicos tem efeito inibidor sobre o sistema dopaminérgico estriatal, nós atribuímos a redução na coordenação motora a ação da MXD sobre o sistema dopaminérgico via ativação do GABA.

6.
Rev. cient. (Maracaibo) ; 16(5): 492-495, oct. 2006. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-630971

ABSTRACT

Se evaluó la eficacia de la moxidectina epicutánea al 0,5% sobre la eliminación de huevos de nemátodos gastrointestinales en becerros en el trópico mexicano. Se utilizaron 30 becerros distribuidos al azar en dos grupos experimentales. El grupo tratado recibió una aplicación de moxidectina epicutánea al 0,5% (0,5 mg/kg de peso vivo). El otro grupo permaneció como control. Se tomaron muestras de heces a cada uno de los animales el día 0 (pre-tratamiento), 7; 14; 28 y 60 (post-tratamiento, PT). Se determinó la eliminación de huevos fecales usando la técnica modificada de MacMaster y se realizaron coprocultivos para identificar el género de larvas de nemátodos gastrointestinales (L3). El grupo tratado tuvo una significativa reducción en la eliminación de huevos estrongilados en comparación al grupo control en los días 7, 14 y 28 PT (P < 0,05). Se observó una eficacia del 100% en el grupo tratado a los días 7 y 14 PT. Haemonchus spp. y Strongyloides spp. fueron los dos géneros de nemátodos identificados.


The efficacy of 0.5% moxidectin pour-on in calves with naturally acquired nematode infections was evaluated in the Mexican tropics. Groups of calves 15 were randomly allocated. The treated group received 0.5% moxidectin pour-on (0.5 mg per kg body weight) on a single occasion. The other group remained as untreated control. Fecal samples from all calves were taken on days 0 (pre-treatment), 7, 14, 28 and 60 (post-treatment, PT). Fecal egg-counts were determined using the modified McMaster technique and fecal cultures were performed to identify gastrointestinal nematodes infected larvae (L3). Treatment with moxidectin was associated with a significant reduction in fecal trichostrongyle egg-counts compared with the controls (P < 0.05); 100% of efficacy in the treated group was observed at days 7 and 14 PT. In coprocultures, Haemonchus spp. and Strongyloides spp. were the two identified genera.

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